Lecture 4: Star birth

Further reading

• You can keep up with the latest Spitzer images at the Spitzer site http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/spitzer/index.shtml
• The Australia Telescope Outreach and Education site has a good description of star formation, at http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_formation.html

Sources for images used:

• Cycle of matter: from The Chaotic Winds of Cool Giants by Peter Woitke http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~woitke/Bilder/Cycle_of_matter_small.jpg
• Bok Globule BHR 71: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2003 January 27, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030127.html
• Spitzer image of Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud: from "Spitzer Catches Young Stars in Their Baby Blanket of Dust", Spitzer Press Release 2008-03 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2008-03/
• Orion Nebula and Horsehead Nebula: image by Emmanuel Mallart, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2002 May 30, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020530.html
• Map of solar neighbourhood: illustration by Linda Huff and Priscilla Frisch, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2002 February 17, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020217.html
• The Milky Way near the Southern Cross: image by Yuri Beletsky, from APOD 2007 May 17 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070517.html
• Emu dreaming: photo by Barnaby Norris, from http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/AboriginalAstronomy/Examples/emu.htm
• Big Bang: from "Faith and Reason": The Big Bang http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/media/bbang-body.html
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis: from Formation of the Elements by Kipp Penovich http://aether.lbl.gov/www/tour/elements/early/early_a.html
• Periodic table: from http://sciencenotes.org/printable-periodic-table/
• Crab nebula: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2008 Feb 17 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080217.html
• Cat's Eye Nebula: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2008 Mar 22 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080322.html
• Astronomer's periodic table: Ben McCall http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1848/2953
• Dark nebula Barnard 68: from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2003 February 2, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030202.html
• Bok globules in NGC 281: from APOD 2003 April 7 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030407.html
• Dark globules in IC2944: from APOD 2012 June 12 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120612.html
• Star birth cycle: after diagram by Paul Francis, http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~pfrancis/roleplay_copies.html
• Fragmentation of a cloud: from Jill Bechtold http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2004/Lectures/Edo3/edo3.html
• Rotation and collapse: from STARS AND GALAXIES A Hypertext Course by Richard McCray http://cosmos.colorado.edu/cw2/courses/astr1120/text/chapter9/l9S3.htm
• Disks in the Orion Nebula: from Herschel Space Observatory: Stars, http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/science/stars01.html
• Formation of jet: from Chandra resources: Black holes http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/bhcen/bhe_closeup.jpg
• Cosmic tornado HH 49/50: from APOD 2006 February 3, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060203.html
• HH 46/47: from APOD 2003 December 26 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap031226.html
• Movie of HH47 proper motion: from Patrick Hartigan http://sparky.rice.edu/~hartigan/movies.html
• Artist's impression of protostar: from Rice University Physics and Astronomy Research: Galactic Astronomy http://www.physics.rice.edu/astro.cfm
• RY Tau: Gemini image, from APOD 2005 September 23 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050923.html
• T Tauri: T. A. Rector & H. Schweiker, NOAO, from APOD 2009 August 3 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090803.html
• Time to reach the main sequence: from Jill Bechtold http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2004/Lectures/Edo3/edo3.html
• Stages in the life of a protostar: from Astr3730 lecture notes by Phil Armitage, Lecture 25 http://jilawww.colorado.edu/~pja/astr3730/index.html and "Jets and Molecular Outflows" by Hsien Shang https://www.tiara.sinica.edu.tw/activities/workshop/2007/presentation/shang.pdf
• Jets from L1157: from "Embryonic Star Captured with Jets Flaring", Spitzer Press Release 2007-19 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2007-19/index.shtml
• Debris disks and animation: from "Spitzer and Hubble Capture Evolving Planetary Systems" http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2004-22/index.shtml
• Hubble image of M51: from Hubblesite, http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire_collection/pr2005012a/
• Spiral density wave animation: from Rolf Schroder http://www.rschr.de/Htm/Astro.htm; triggered collapse, from http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/astr104/Topics/Formation-N.html
• Proplyds in Taurus: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1999/05/
• Orion: from APOD 2006 January 19 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060119.html
• Pillars in the Eagle Nebula: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/44/
• Proplyds in Orion: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2001/13/
• The Eagle Nebula: image by T. Rector, NOAO/AURA, from APOD 2004 October 24, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap041024.html
• Fragmentation of molecular cloud: from "Understanding our Origins: Star Formation in H II Region Environments," J. J. Hester & S. J. Desch 2005, ASP Conference Series vol. 341, "Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk," p. 107 http://eagle.la.asu.edu/hester/star_formation/kauai_hester_final.pdf
• Trifid nebula: from http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap151011.html and http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/42/
• EGGs in the Trifid Nebula: from Jeff Hester http://eagle.la.asu.edu/hester/trifid.html
• Star formation in NGC 6357: from "Understanding our Origins: Star Formation in H II Region Environments," J. J. Hester & S. J. Desch 2005, ASP Conference Series vol. 341, "Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk," p. 107 http://eagle.la.asu.edu/hester/star_formation/kauai_hester_final.pdf
• Meteorite section: from "Triggering the Formation of the Solar System" by G. Jeffrey Taylor, Planetary Science Research Discoveries, May 2003, http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/May03/SolarSystemTrigger.html
• Stars in the Trapezium cluster: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2000/19/
• Binary formation by fragmentation: from SciTech Daily, "New Research Boosts Binary-Star Formation Theory", 2 Jan 2014, http://scitechdaily.com/new-research-boosts-binary-star-formation-theory/
• Fragmentation of molecular cloud: from Matthew Bate's Animations, http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/mbate/animations.html
• Triple protostar system L1448 IRS3B, from Tobin et al. 2016, "A triple protostar system formed via fragmentation of a gravitationally unstable disk", http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v538/n7626/full/nature20094.html
• Fission of water droplet in microgravity: from USML-2 Drop Physics Module, http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Shuttle/USML2/science/dpm.html
• Simulation of molecular cloud collapse: from Matthew Bate's Animations, http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/mbate/animations.html
• Nebula hypothesis: from http://astronomyonline.org/Exoplanets/ExoplanetDynamics.asp#I1
• Stellar evolution image: from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution

Last updated 7 December 2016