Lecture 8: Normal galaxies to quasars

Further reading

• The American Institute of Physics has an excellent website called "Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology" at http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm. The page called "Island Universes" discusses the discovery of galaxies in lots of detail.
• There's a good description of the different types of active galaxies at "Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology" http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/active/active.html
• There's another nice page at "Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial: Quasars and Active Galaxies" http://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/Quasars.html. This has lots of good information about the different types of active galaxies.
• Watch a video about the Laniakea supercluster at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rENyyRwxpHo&feature=youtu.be

Source for images

• M31: image by Robert Gendler, from APOD 2015 August 30 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150830.html
• ESO image of starburst galaxy NGC 908: from Island Universes with a Twist: VLT Images of Perturbed Galaxies http://www.eso.org/public/usa/news/eso0627/
• Stephan's Quintet, from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2001/22/
• Rosse's drawing of M51: from "Telescopes from the ground up" http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/basics/g44/. Hubble picture: from Hubble Heritage http://heritage.stsci.edu/2005/12a/index.html
• Galaxies in the HUDF: from HubbleSite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/21/image/a/
• Planetary nebulae: from http://gbphotodidactical.ca/page-free-wallpapers-planetary-nebula-page-3.html. Galaxies: from http://web.clark.edu/ggrey/astroweb/galaxies%20&%20clusters/Galaxies.htm
• Hubble's photo of variable in M31: from http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ideas/island.htm
• Hubble's photo of M33: from "Discovery of Galaxies" by George Rieke http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/galaxies.htm
• Gemini image of galaxy group VV 166: from http://www.gemini.edu/gallery/v/Previous-Featured-Images/vv166.jpg.html
• Hubble tuning fork diagram: from John Kormendy http://chandra.as.utexas.edu/~kormendy/a301-2010-spring.html
• M60 and NGC4647: from HubbleSite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/38/image/a/
• M87 and friends: from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.html
• Spiral galaxy M74: from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap071201.html
• Spiral galaxy NGC 1232: from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120107.html
• 'Sombrero galaxy' M104, from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110515.html
• Barred spiral galaxy NGC 1300: from HubbleSite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/01/image/a/
• Barred spiral galaxy NGC 1365: from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070328.html
• Overview of Milky Way: from A. Finkbeiner, "Galaxy formation: The new Milky Way", Nature 490 News Feature
• LMC: image by Wei-Hao Wang, from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060510.html
• NGC 4449: from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110225.html
• Galaxy rotation curve: from http://asterisk.apod.com/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=26118
• NGC 3982: from HubbleSite http://www.hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/2010/36/
• NGC 1309: from HubbleSite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/07/
• Elliptical galaxy : from HubbleSite http://www.hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2007/08/
• Virgo cluster: image by Fabian Neyer, from http://www.starpointing.com/ccd/virgodeep.html
• Abell 1689: from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/08/
• Local Group: from Chris Mihos: ASTR 222 Galaxies and Cosmology http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr222/Galaxy/Environ/localgroup.html
• Virgo supercluster: from Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_Location_in_the_Universe_%28JPEG%29.jpg
• The Mice" NGC 4676: from HubbleSite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2002/11/image/h/
• NGC 6872: from Australian Gemini School Astronomy Contest: 2010 http://ausgo.aao.gov.au/contest2010/
• "The Antennae" from Star Shadows Remote Observatory, APOD 2010 May 7 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100507.html; Hubble picture from Hubblesit http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/46/
• Antennae formation simulation: from http://irfu.cea.fr/Projets/COAST/movies_galaxies_formation.htm
• Galaxy collision montage: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/galaxy/interacting/pr2008016a/
• Milky Way/Andromeda collision: from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/20/
• The Sagittarius Dwarf Tidal Stream: image by David Martinez-Delgado, from APOD http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050529.html
• Dragon: from http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/dragons.shtml
• Spectrum of 3C273 and image of Maarten Schmidt: from Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial: Quasars & Active Galaxies: http://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/Quasars.html
• Radio galaxy Centaurus A: from Chandra site http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/cena/index.html
• Details of radio jet: from APOD http://www.apod.nasa.gov/ap110531.html
• Quasar: painting by Don Dixon http://cosmographica.com/gallery/portfolio/portfolio301/pages/326-QuasarB.htm. Artwork copyright 2003 by Don Dixon/cosmographica.com, used with permission.
• Model for active galaxies: courtesy of Julia Bryant
• 3C 273: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/quasar_active-nucleus/2003/03/
• Jet from M87: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/quasar_active-nucleus/2000/20/
• Gas disk in NGC 4261: from Hubblesite http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1992/27/
• Black hole-galaxy mass correlation: from "Correlation of Black Hole Mass and Bulge Mass/Brightness", http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0022b/
• Quasar episode: from Li et al. 2007, "Formation of z~6 Quasars from Hierarchical Galaxy Mergers", ApJ, 665, 187 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...665..187L
• Fermi bubble: from NASA, "NASA's Fermi Telescope Finds Giant Structure in our Galaxy" http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/new-structure.html
• Sheets and bubbles of galaxies: from the Illustris Project http://www.illustris-project.org/explorer/

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Last updated 4 November 2015