Lecture 6: Rocks in space
Further reading
If you'd like to plot the orbits of solar system bodies,
including comets and asteroids, try "Solar System Live" by John
Walker, http://www.fourmilab.to/solar/solar.html
You can use "Solar System Live" to plot comets and asteroids as
well. Orbital elements of comets can be found at the IAU: Minor Planet
Center "Minor Planet & Comet Ephemeris Service" page
http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html.
For instance, you can find the orbital elements for comet Halley by
entering 1P/Halley. Select "MPC 8-line" as the "Format for elements
output", and cut and paste the orbital elements directly into the
Solar System Live site to see where the comet is now. Thus it's easy
to see that, although it's only 23 years after its last perihelion,
and there are 52 years until the next one, Halley is already at
Neptune's orbit, nearly at aphelion: this is an excellent illustration
of Kepler's second law. To get side on views, change the Heliocentric
latitude to 0 degrees and the longitude to 90 degrees.
Alan Taylor has put together a beautiful image of "All (known)
Bodies in the Solar System Larger than 200 Miles in Diameter" (now
including a new metric version with everything larger than 320 km in
diameter) at http://www.kokogiak.com/gedankengang/2007/03/all-known-bodies-in-solar-system.html. Because
this was made in 2007, some of the dwarf planets, like Haumea and
Makemake, still have their provisional designations.
There's a list of binary asteroids at "Asteroids with Satellites"
by Wm. Robert Johnston, http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html
The Earth Impact Database http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/
lists every confirmed impact crater known
If you need to report a meteor fireball, there's an on-line
report form at the International Meteor Organisation's page, http://www.imo.net/fireball/index.html
The Impact Calculator at
http://simulator.down2earth.eu/index.html
allows you to simulate smashing an asteroid into Earth and see how big
a crater your asteroid made. You even get to choose which city you
crash into (though unfortunately (!) Sydney is not on the list)
NASA has an information site on Earth impact hazards at "Asteroid
and Comet Impact Hazards", http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/;
see also the "Near Earth Object Program: Current Risks" http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/
There is a list of all minor planets and asteroids predicted to
approach within 0.2 AU of the Earth during the next 33 years at the
IAU Minor Planet Center, "Forthcoming Close Approaches To The Earth",
http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/CloseApp.html
The BBC has a news story about 2008 TC3, the asteroid that hit
Sudan, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7964891.stm
There's an article on "The saga of Asteroid 2004 MN4" at http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=154.
The Association of Space Explorers (ASE), the international
organization of astronauts and cosmonauts, is leading the effort to
develop a UN treaty and other international mechanisms about asteroid
deflection. Their report is available on-line at
http://www.space-explorers.org/ATACGR.pdf; it contains a good discussion of the issues involved.
Source for images
- Background image: Eros, taken by NEAR-Shoemaker, from Astronomy
Picture of the Day 2001 February 11
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010211.html
- Asteroid cover picture: Galileo image of asteroid 951 Gaspra,
from APOD 2002 October 27
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap021027.html
- Asteroid orbits: from "Explorations: An Introduction to
Astronomy!" by Thomas T. Arny, Fig. 10.4
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/instructor/graphics/ch10/1004.html
- NEAR trajectory: from NEAR Mission Profile at the NASA Planetary
Missions site
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mission/near/near_traj.html
- Eros animations: from NEAR Eros Animations http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mission/near/near_eros_anim.html
- Kirkwood gaps: from "Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy!" by Thomas T. Arny, Fig. 10.7
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/instructor/graphics/ch10/1007.html
- Differentiation: from "Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy!" by Thomas T. Arny, Fig. 10.6
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/instructor/graphics/ch10/1006.html
- Asteroid shapes: Mathilde, Gaspra, and Ida, from Astronomy
Picture of the Day March 13, 1998
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980313.html
- Mathilde flyby: NEAR images: animation and video http://near.jhuapl.edu/Images/.Anim.html
- Animation and model of Vesta: from the Hubble News Center Archive
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/1997/27/
- Binary asteroid: Astronomy Picture of the Day 2004 June 19 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040619.html
- Tidal disruption simulation: from Walsh & Richardson 2006,
"Binary near-Earth asteroid formation: Rubble pile model of tidal
disruptions", Icarus 180, 201
- Patroclus and Menoetius: Frank Marchis "Study of Patroclus and
Menoetius: A Double Trojan System"
http://astro.berkeley.edu/~fmarchis/Science/Asteroids/Patroclus/
- Asbolus: Hubble Site release STScI-2000-31 http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/kuiper-belt-object/2000/31/
- Comet cover image: Comet West from Astronomy Picture of the Day
26 August 1995
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap950826.html
- Orbit of comet LINEAR: from Chandra X-ray Observatory Photo Album
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/cycle1/c1999s4/more.html
- Orbit of Comet Halley: from "Comet Halley" http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/comets/halley.html
- Coma: Hale-Bopp, from Astronomy Picture of the Day February 12, 1997
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970212.html
- Comet's tail: Hale-Bopp, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 27 December 2000
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001227.html
- Two tails: from
http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring99/ast1002h/solarsystem/fig16-14/fig16-142.htm. Hale-Bopp
in 1997: Jerry Lodriguss, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2007 March
31 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070331.html
- Comet McNaught: picture by Robert McNaught, from Astronomy
Picture of the Day 2007 January 22
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070122.html; comet over Bendalong, photo by Alain Picard
- McNaught's tail: Astronomy Picture of the Day 2007 February 1 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070201.html
- Deep Impact image: from Deep Impact gallery http://deepimpact.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/index.cfm
- SOHO comet: from SOHO gallery http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/images/xmascomet.html
- Oort cloud/Kuiper Belt title image: artist's conception of the
Kuiper Belt object Quaoar, from Hubble Site News Center Archive,
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/2002/17/
- Kuiper belt: from Views of the Solar System by Calvin Hamilton
http://www.solarviews.com/cap/index/oortcloud1.html
- Oort cloud/Kuiper belt: from "Explorations: An Introduction to
Astronomy!" by Thomas T. Arny, Fig. 7.4
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/instructor/graphics/ch07/0704.html
- Trans-Neptunian objects: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_Objects
- Orbits of TNOs: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disk
- A list of known trans-Neptunian objects can be found at http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnos.html
- Meteor title image: Leonids over Uluru, from Astronomy Picture of
the Day 30 October 2002
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap021030.html
- Fireball: Leonid fireball, from Astronomy Picture of the Day 2 December 1999
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap991202.html
- The Great Daylight Fireball: from APOD 2009 Mar 2 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap090302.html
- Meteoroid endpoints: re-drawn from "Meteorites: A journey through space and time" by Bevan and de Laeter, p. 31
- Crater formation: from The Terrestrial Planets by Gareth Wynn-Williams
http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~wynnwill/110/images/crater_formation.gif
- Meteorite images: from "Exploring Meteorite Mysteries"
http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/outreach1/expmetmys/slideset/Slides35-42.htm
- Dust grain: from "Stardust: Catching particles in Space", http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/science/sd-particle.html
- Isochron: from "The Talk.Origins Archive: The Age of the Earth"
by Chris Stassen
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html
- Images of 2008 TC3, from Nature vol 458, pp 401 and 485
- Impacts and life: Table 1 from "How common are habitable planets"
by Jack Lissauer, 1999, Nature 402, C11, available at
http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/papers.html
- Animation of K-T impact: from The Wright Center for Science
Education, Tufts University, "It's Judgement Day"
http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/impact/impacta.html
- Illustrations of K-T impact: from "The Impact that Wiped Out the
Dinosaur" by William Hartmann
http://www.psi.edu/projects/ktimpact/ktimpact.html
- Comet Shoemaker-Levy: Hubble images, from HubbleSite News Archive,
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/26/ and
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/32/
- Crater chains: Ganymede: from Astronomy Picture of the Day, 2001
December 15,
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011215.html. Moon: from Lunar Photo of the Day, January 27 2004,
http://www.lpod.org/archive/2004/01/LPOD-2004-01-27.htm
- Torino Impact Scale: from "Asteroid and Comet Impact Hazards",
http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/torino.cfm
- 2004 MN4 orbit predictions: from "Radar observations refine the
future motion of Asteroid 2004 MN4",
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news149.html
- Positions of 2004 MN4 and the planets: from Solar System Live http://www.fourmilab.to/cgi-bin/uncgi/Solar
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Last updated 27 April 2009
Please let me know of any problems with these pages: H.Johnston@physics.usyd.edu.au